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Indeterminate






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Traditional Notation









Constants > Indeterminate > Introduction to the symbols





The best-known properties and formulas for symbols


The symbol has the following values at some finite points :

The symbol has the following values at some infinite points :

The symbol has the following value at point :

is a symbol. It represents an unknown or not exactly determined point (potentially with infinite magnitude) of the complex plane. Often it results from a double limit where two infinitesimal parameters approach zero at different speeds (e.g. ).

is a symbol. On the Riemann sphere, it is the north pole approached from exactly east. In the projective complex plane, it is a point at the line at infinity.

is a symbol. On the Riemann sphere, it is the north pole. In the projective complex plane, it is the line at infinity.

is a symbol. On the Riemann sphere, it is the north pole together with the direction how to approach it. In the projective complex plane, it is a point at the line at infinity.

The symbols , , , and have the following complex characteristics:

Derivatives of the symbols , , , and satisfy the following relations:

Simple indefinite integrals of the symbols , , and have the following representations:

All Fourier integral transforms of the symbols , , , and can be evaluated using the following formal rules:

Laplace direct and inverse integral transforms of the symbols , , , and can be evaluated using the following formal rules:

The symbols , , and satisfy some obvious inequalities, for example: