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LucasL






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Integer Functions > LucasL[nu] > Introduction to the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers





The best-known properties and formulas of the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers


The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and have the following values at zero and infinity:

The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and with integer argument can be represented by the following formulas:

For the cases of integer arguments , the values of the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and can be described by the following table:

The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and are entire analytical functions of that are defined over the whole complex -plane:

The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and do not have periodicity.

The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and generically do not have parity, but they have mirror symmetry:

The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and have only the singular point . It is an essential singular point.

The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and do not have branch points and branch cuts over the complex -plane.

The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and have the following series expansions (which converge in the whole complex -plane):

The asymptotic behavior of the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and is described by the following formulas:

The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and for integer nonnegative can be represented through the following sums involving binomials:

The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and have the following integral representations on the real axis:

The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and can be represented as the coefficients of the series of the corresponding generating functions:

The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and satisfy numerous addition formulas:

The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and satisfy numerous identities, for example the following multiple argument formulas:

The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and satisfy numerous identities for products and powers:

The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and are solutions of the following simple difference equation with constant coefficients:

The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and satisfy numerous recurrence identities:

Other identities for Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and are just functional identities:

The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and have the following complex characteristics for complex arguments:

The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and have the following representations for derivatives of the first and orders or the arbitrary fractional order :

The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and satisfy the following third-order linear differential equation:

where , , and are arbitrary constants.

Some indefinite integrals for Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and can be evaluated as follows:

Laplace transforms of the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and can be represented by the following formulas:

There exist many formulas for finite summation of Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, for example:

Here are some corresponding infinite sums:

And here are some multiple sums:

Some formulas including limit operations with Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and take on symmetrical forms:

The Fibonacci numbers can be obtained from the evaluation of some determinates, for example: