Catalan == (1/2) (-1)^(n - 1) (4 n Integrate[Log[Cos[t]^(1/n) + Sin[t]^(1/n)], {t, 0, Pi/4}] + Pi Log[2] - n Sum[(-1)^k (1 - (2 k + 1)/(2 n)) Pi Log[2 Cos[((2 k + 1) Pi)/(2 n)] + 2], {k, 0, n - 1}]) /; Element[n, Integers] && n > 0

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<math xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML' mathematica:form='TraditionalForm' xmlns:mathematica='http://www.wolfram.com/XML/'> <semantics> <mrow> <mrow> <semantics> <mi> C </mi> <annotation encoding='Mathematica'> TagBox[&quot;C&quot;, Function[Catalan]] </annotation> </semantics> <mo> &#10869; </mo> <mrow> <mfrac> <mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mrow> <mo> ( </mo> <mrow> <mo> - </mo> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> <mo> ) </mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi> n </mi> <mo> - </mo> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mn> 2 </mn> </mfrac> <mo> &#8290; </mo> <mrow> <mo> ( </mo> <mrow> <mrow> <mn> 4 </mn> <mo> &#8290; </mo> <mi> n </mi> <mo> &#8290; </mo> <mrow> <msubsup> <mo> &#8747; </mo> <mn> 0 </mn> <mfrac> <mi> &#960; </mi> <mn> 4 </mn> </mfrac> </msubsup> <mrow> <mrow> <mi> log </mi> <mo> &#8289; </mo> <mo> ( </mo> <mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mi> cos </mi> <mfrac> <mn> 1 </mn> <mi> n </mi> </mfrac> </msup> <mo> ( </mo> <mi> t </mi> <mo> ) </mo> </mrow> <mo> + </mo> <mrow> <msup> <mi> sin </mi> <mfrac> <mn> 1 </mn> <mi> n </mi> </mfrac> </msup> <mo> ( </mo> <mi> t </mi> <mo> ) </mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo> ) </mo> </mrow> <mo> &#8290; </mo> <mrow> <mo> &#8518; </mo> <mi> t </mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mo> + </mo> <mrow> <mi> &#960; </mi> <mo> &#8290; </mo> <mrow> <mi> log </mi> <mo> &#8289; </mo> <mo> ( </mo> <mn> 2 </mn> <mo> ) </mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo> - </mo> <mrow> <mi> n </mi> <mo> &#8290; </mo> <mrow> <munderover> <mo> &#8721; </mo> <mrow> <mi> k </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mi> n </mi> <mo> - </mo> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </munderover> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mo> ( </mo> <mrow> <mo> - </mo> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> <mo> ) </mo> </mrow> <mi> k </mi> </msup> <mo> &#8290; </mo> <mrow> <mo> ( </mo> <mrow> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo> - </mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow> <mn> 2 </mn> <mo> &#8290; </mo> <mi> k </mi> </mrow> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mn> 2 </mn> <mo> &#8290; </mo> <mi> n </mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo> ) </mo> </mrow> <mo> &#8290; </mo> <mi> &#960; </mi> <mo> &#8290; </mo> <mrow> <mi> log </mi> <mo> &#8289; </mo> <mo> ( </mo> <mrow> <mrow> <mn> 2 </mn> <mo> &#8290; </mo> <mrow> <mi> cos </mi> <mo> &#8289; </mo> <mo> ( </mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow> <mo> ( </mo> <mrow> <mrow> <mn> 2 </mn> <mo> &#8290; </mo> <mi> k </mi> </mrow> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> <mo> ) </mo> </mrow> <mo> &#8290; </mo> <mi> &#960; </mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn> 2 </mn> <mo> &#8290; </mo> <mi> n </mi> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo> ) </mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> <mo> ) </mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mo> ) </mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mo> /; </mo> <mrow> <mi> n </mi> <mo> &#8712; </mo> <msup> <mi> &#8469; </mi> <mo> + </mo> </msup> </mrow> </mrow> <annotation-xml encoding='MathML-Content'> <apply> <ci> Condition </ci> <apply> <eq /> <ci> Catalan </ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <power /> <cn type='integer'> -1 </cn> <apply> <plus /> <ci> n </ci> <cn type='integer'> -1 </cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <power /> <cn type='integer'> 2 </cn> <cn type='integer'> -1 </cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <cn type='integer'> 4 </cn> <ci> n </ci> <apply> <int /> <bvar> <ci> t </ci> </bvar> <lowlimit> <cn type='integer'> 0 </cn> </lowlimit> <uplimit> <apply> <times /> <pi /> <apply> <power /> <cn type='integer'> 4 </cn> <cn type='integer'> -1 </cn> </apply> </apply> </uplimit> <apply> <ln /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <power /> <apply> <cos /> <ci> t </ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn type='integer'> 1 </cn> <apply> <power /> <ci> n </ci> <cn type='integer'> -1 </cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <power /> <apply> <sin /> <ci> t </ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn type='integer'> 1 </cn> <apply> <power /> <ci> n </ci> <cn type='integer'> -1 </cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <pi /> <apply> <ln /> <cn type='integer'> 2 </cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn type='integer'> -1 </cn> <apply> <times /> <ci> n </ci> <apply> <sum /> <bvar> <ci> k </ci> </bvar> <lowlimit> <cn type='integer'> 0 </cn> </lowlimit> <uplimit> <apply> <plus /> <ci> n </ci> <cn type='integer'> -1 </cn> </apply> </uplimit> <apply> <times /> <apply> <power /> <cn type='integer'> -1 </cn> <ci> k </ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <cn type='integer'> 1 </cn> <apply> <times /> <cn type='integer'> -1 </cn> <apply> <times /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <cn type='integer'> 2 </cn> <ci> k </ci> </apply> <cn type='integer'> 1 </cn> </apply> <apply> <power /> <apply> <times /> <cn type='integer'> 2 </cn> <ci> n </ci> </apply> <cn type='integer'> -1 </cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <pi /> <apply> <ln /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <cn type='integer'> 2 </cn> <apply> <cos /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <cn type='integer'> 2 </cn> <ci> k </ci> </apply> <cn type='integer'> 1 </cn> </apply> <pi /> <apply> <power /> <apply> <times /> <cn type='integer'> 2 </cn> <ci> n </ci> </apply> <cn type='integer'> -1 </cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <cn type='integer'> 2 </cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <in /> <ci> n </ci> <apply> <ci> SuperPlus </ci> <ci> &#8469; </ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </annotation-xml> </semantics> </math>

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2001-10-29