The rounding and congruence functions include seven basic functions. They all deal with the separation of integer or fractional parts from real and complex numbers: the floor function (entire part function) , the nearest integer function (round) , the ceiling function (least integer) , the integer part , the fractional part , the modulo function (congruence) , and the integer part of the quotient (quotient or integer division) .
The floor function (entire function) can be considered as the basic function of this group. The other six functions can be uniquely defined through the floor function.
For real , the floor function is the greatest integer less than or equal to .
For arbitrary complex , the function can be described (or defined) by the following formulas:
Examples: , , , , ![](/IntegerFunctions/Ceiling/introductions/FloorRelated/02/01/imagetext/0021/text21.gif) , , .
For real , the rounding function is the integer closest to (if ).
For arbitrary , the round function can be described (or defined) by the following formulas:
Examples: , , , , , , , .
For real , the ceiling function is the smallest integer greater than or equal to .
For arbitrary , the function can be described (or defined) by the following formulas:
Examples: , , , , , ![](/IntegerFunctions/Ceiling/introductions/FloorRelated/02/03/imagetext/0056/text56.gif) , , .
For real , the function integer part is the integer part of .
For arbitrary , the function can be described (or defined) by the following formulas:
Examples: , , , , , ![](/IntegerFunctions/Ceiling/introductions/FloorRelated/02/04/imagetext/0072/text72.gif) , , .
For real , the function fractional part is the fractional part of .
For arbitrary , the function can be described (or defined) by the following formulas:
Examples: , , , , , ![](/IntegerFunctions/Ceiling/introductions/FloorRelated/02/05/imagetext/0088/text88.gif) , , .
For complex and , the mod function is the remainder of the division of by . The sign of for real , is always the same as the sign of .
The mod function can be described (or defined) by the following formula:
The functional property makes the behavior of similar to the behavior of .
Examples: , , , , , ![](/IntegerFunctions/Ceiling/introductions/FloorRelated/02/06/imagetext/0111/text111.gif) .
For complex and , the integer part of the quotient (quotient) function is the integer quotient of and .
The quotient function can be described (or defined) by the following formula:
Examples: , , , , , ![](/IntegerFunctions/Ceiling/introductions/FloorRelated/02/07/imagetext/0125/text125.gif) .
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