Entering the complex plane Upper picture: in the upper half of the near the real axis viewed from the lower half‐plane.
Lower picture: in the lower half of the near the real axis viewed from the upper half‐plane.
Here the complex variable is expressed as . The red surface is the real part of . The blue, semitransparent surface is the imaginary part of . The pink tube is the real part of the function along the real axis and the skyblue tube is the imaginary part of the function along the real axis. Along the real axis, the real part of approaches ; going away from the real axis into the upper half of the gives a function that approaches 0 as . Along the real axis, the imaginary part of vanishes identically; going away from the real axis into the gives a function that approaches 0 as . The branch cut along is visible. Branch cuts The real part and the imaginary part of over the . The left graphic shows and the right graphic shows . Along the interval , the function has a branch cut. The real part has discontinuities along the branch cuts. The viewpoint is from the left half‐plane. At , the function has logarithmic singularities. The real part and the imaginary part of over the . The left graphic shows and the right graphic shows . The viewpoint is from the left half‐plane. is a regular point of . The branch cuts of the real part and the imaginary part of over the . The left graphic shows and the right graphic shows . The red and blue vertical surfaces connect points from the immediate left and right neighborhood of the branch cuts. Only the imaginary part shows discontinuities due to the branch cuts. The viewpoint is from the left half‐plane. The rectangular shape of the vertical walls arises from the logarithmic singularities at . The branch cuts of the real part and the imaginary part of over the . The left graphic shows and the right graphic shows . The red and blue vertical surfaces connect points from the immediate lower and upper neighborhood of the branch cuts. The viewpoint is from the left half plane. is a regular point of . Real part over the complex plane The real part of where . The surface is colored according to the imaginary part. The right graphic is a contour plot of the scaled real part, meaning the height values of the left graphic translate into color values in the right graphic. Red is smallest and violet is largest. Along the imaginary axis, has a branch cut on the interval ; going away from the real axis gives a function that approaches 0 as . is a discontinuous function over the . The logarithmic singularities at are visible. |
The absolute value of the real part of where . The surface is colored according to the absolute value of the imaginary part. The right graphic is a contour plot of the scaled absolute value of the real part, meaning the height values of the left graphic translate into color values in the right graphic. Red is smallest and violet is largest. Along the imaginary axis, has a branch cut on the interval ; going away from the real axis gives a function that approaches 0 as . is a discontinuous function over the . The logarithmic singularities at are visible. Imaginary part over the complex plane The imaginary part of where . The surface is colored according to the real part. The right graphic is a contour plot of the scaled imaginary part, meaning the height values of the left graphic translate into color values in the right graphic. Red is smallest and violet is largest. Along the real axis, the imaginary part of vanishes identically; going away from the real axis into the gives a function that approaches 0 as . The logarithmic singularities at are visible. |
The absolute value of the imaginary part of where . The surface is colored according to the absolute value of the real part. The right graphic is a contour plot of the scaled absolute value of the imaginary part, meaning the height values of the left graphic translate into color values in the right graphic. Red is smallest and violet is largest. Along the real axis, the imaginary part of vanishes identically; going away from the real axis into the gives a function that approaches 0 as . The logarithmic singularities at are visible. Absolute value part over the complex plane The absolute value of where . The surface is colored according to the argument. The right graphic is a contour plot of the scaled absolute value, meaning the height values of the left graphic translate into color values in the right graphic. Red is smallest and violet is largest. Argument over the complex plane The argument of where . The surface is colored according to the absolute value. The right graphic is a contour plot of the scaled argument, meaning the height values of the left graphic translate into color values in the right graphic. Red is smallest and violet is largest. has lines of discontinuities over the . The square of the sine of the argument of where . For dominantly real values, the function values are near 0, and for dominantly imaginary values, the function values are near 1. The surface is colored according to the absolute value. The right graphic is a cyclically colored contour plot of the argument. Red represents arguments near and light‐blue represents arguments near 0. Zero-pole plot The logarithm of the absolute value of where in the upper half plane. The surface is colored according to the square of the argument. In this plot zeros are easily visible as spikes extending downwards and poles and logarithmic singularities as spikes extending upwards. The logarithmic singularity at is visible. Real part over the complex plane near infinity The real part of where . The surface is colored according to the imaginary part. The right graphic is a contour plot of the scaled real part, meaning the height values of the left graphic translate into color values in the right graphic. Red is smallest and violet is largest. At the function has no singularity. The logarithmic branch points at are visible. The absolute value of the real part of where . The surface is colored according to the absolute value of the imaginary part. The right graphic is a contour plot of the scaled absolute value of the real part, meaning the height values of the left graphic translate into color values in the right graphic. Red is smallest and violet is largest. At the function has no singularity. The logarithmic branch points at are visible. Imaginary part over the complex plane near infinity The imaginary part of where . The surface is colored according to the real part. The right graphic is a contour plot of the scaled imaginary part, meaning the height values of the left graphic translate into color values in the right graphic. Red is smallest and violet is largest. At the function has no singularity. The logarithmic branch points at are visible. The absolute value of the imaginary part of where . The surface is colored according to the absolute value of the real part. The right graphic is a contour plot of the scaled absolute value of the imaginary part, meaning the height values of the left graphic translate into color values in the right graphic. Red is smallest and violet is largest. At the function has no singularity. The logarithmic branch points at are visible. Absolute value part over the complex plane near infinity The absolute value of where . The surface is colored according to the argument. The right graphic is a contour plot of the scaled absolute value, meaning the height values of the left graphic translate into color values in the right graphic. Red is smallest and violet is largest. At the function has no singularity. The logarithmic branch points at are visible. Argument over the complex plane near infinity The argument of where . The surface is colored according to the absolute value. The right graphic is a contour plot of the scaled argument, meaning the height values of the left graphic translate into color values in the right graphic. Red is smallest and violet is largest. At the function has no singularity. The logarithmic branch points at are visible. The square of the sine of the argument of where . For dominantly real values, the function values are near 0, and for dominantly imaginary values, the function values are near 1. The surface is colored according to the absolute value. The right graphic is a cyclically colored contour plot of the argument. Red represents arguments near and light‐blue represents arguments near 0. Zero-pole plot near infinity The logarithm of the absolute value of where in the upper half‐plane. The surface is colored according to the square of the argument. In this plot zeros are easily visible as spikes extending downwards and poles and logarithmic singularities as spikes extending upwards. At the function has simple zero.
|